These authors contributed equally: Benjamin A. Present address: Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel Full-spectrum photonic pigments with non-iridescent structural colors through colloidal assembly. Creation of partial band gaps in anisotropic photonic-band-gap structures. Photonic band structures of optically anisotropic periodic arrays. Difference in light perception capability and spectral response between juveniles and sub-adults of the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei as determined by electroretinogram. An Annotated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries Vol. Image quality and acceptance angle in a reflecting superposition eye. Strategies for retinal design in arthropod eyes of low F-number. Interplay of order and disorder in the optical properties of opal photonic crystals. Optical properties and diffraction effects in opal photonic crystals. Directional control of scattering by all-dielectric core–shell spheres. Optical properties of inverse opal photonic crystals. Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light 2nd edn (Princeton Univ. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles (John Wiley & Sons, 2008). Light scattering from anisotropic particles: propagation, localization, and nonlinearity. MIE scattering from anisotropic thick spherical shells. Scattering and extinction cross sections for a spherical particle coated with an oriented molecular layer. Structure and morphology of light-reflecting synthetic and biogenic polymorphs of isoxanthopterin: a comparison. Optically functional isoxanthopterin crystals in the mirrored eyes of decapod crustaceans. Cuticle reflectivity and optical activity in scarab beetles: the role of uric acid. Crystals of riboflavin making up the tapetum lucidum in the eye of a lemur. The ocelli of Archaeognatha (Hexapoda): functional morphology, pigment migration and chemical nature of the reflective tapetum. ‘Guanigma’: the revised structure of biogenic anhydrous guanine. Biologically controlled morphology and twinning in guanine crystals. The organic crystalline materials of vision: structure–function considerations from the nanometer to the millimeter scale. The image-forming mirror in the eye of the scallop. Photonic crystals cause active colour change in chameleons. Structural basis for the brilliant colors of the Sapphirinid copepods. The mechanism of color change in the neon tetra fish: a light-induced tunable photonic crystal array. Non-polarizing broadband multilayer reflectors in fish. Light manipulation by guanine crystals in organisms: biogenic scatterers, mirrors, multilayer reflectors and photonic crystals. Mechanism of reflexion in silvery layers of fish and cephalopods. Bright white scattering from protein spheres in color changing, flexible cuttlefish skin. Bright-white beetle scales optimise multiple scattering of light. Structure and optical function of amorphous photonic nanostructures from avian feather barbs: a comparative small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis of 230 bird species. Biomimetic isotropic nanostructures for structural coloration. Angle-independent structural color in colloidal amorphous arrays. Pointillist structural color in Pollia fruit. Brilliant whiteness in ultrathin beetle scales. How noniridescent colors are generated by quasi-ordered structures of bird feathers. A highly conspicuous mineralized composite photonic architecture in the translucent shell of the blue-rayed limpet. This system offers inspiration for the design of photonic crystals constructed from spherically symmetric birefringent particles for use in ultrathin reflectors and as non-iridescent pigments. The particle size, core/shell ratio and packing are also controlled to optimize the intensity and spectral properties of the tapetum back-scattering. This enables the organism to maximize the reflectivity of the ultrathin tapetum, which functions to increase the eye’s sensitivity and preserve visual acuity. The spherulitic birefringence of the nanoparticles, which originates from the radial alignment of the plates, results in a significant enhancement of the back-scattering. The nanoparticles are composed of single-crystal isoxanthopterin nanoplates arranged in concentric lamellae around a hollow core. Here we show how the tapetum reflector in a shrimp eye is constructed from arrays of spherical isoxanthopterin nanoparticles and relate the particle properties to their optical function. Spectacular natural optical phenomena are produced by highly reflective assemblies of organic crystals.
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